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ASTM A335 is a commonly used standard for alloy steel seamless pipes in the United States, and these pipes are extensively utilized in industries such as petroleum, chemical, electric power, and nuclear energy. The material includes alloy elements like Cr (Chromium), Ni (Nickel), and Mo (Molybdenum), which enhance the pipe's resistance to high temperature and pressure, corrosion, and improve its mechanical properties. These features make them highly suitable for complex high temperature and high-pressure piping environments. The ASTM A335 standard for alloy seamless pipes includes specifications on chemical composition, mechanical properties, methods of heat treatment, and inspection requirements, ensuring that pipes produced under this standard meet the demands of the piping systems and environments they are used in. Types of materials for alloy seamless pipes: ASTM A335 alloy seamless pipes include various types of alloy materials such as P5, P11, P12, P22, P91, each with specific chemical composition and mechanical properties as required by the standard. In practical pipeline engineering applications, the appropriate material can be selected based on different design requirements and environmental characteristics. ASTM A335 Alloy Seamless Pipe Weight Table Advantages of Alloy Seamless Pipes 1. High-Temperature Strength and Oxidation Resistance: ASTM A335 alloy steel pipes, including grades like P5, P11, and P22, are ferritic heat-resistant alloys that offer excellent high-temperature performance, strength, and oxidation resistance. They maintain a long service life even under high temperature and pressure conditions. 2. High Purity, Uniformity, and Precision: ASTM A335 alloy steel pipes are characterized by their high purity, uniformity, and precision, meeting the stringent requirements of high-end equipment manufacturing in sectors like aerospace and nuclear energy. 3. Corrosion Resistance: These alloy steel pipes exhibit good resistance to corrosion, able to withstand the erosion by various chemicals. They also possess good resistance to acidic, alkaline, and saline substances.   4. Fatigue Resistance: ASTM A335 alloy steel pipes have strong fatigue resistance, capable of long-term operation under high pressure and temperature without succumbing to fatigue fractures. 5. Excellent Mechanical Properties: The mechanical properties of these alloy steel pipes allow them to withstand high pressures and bending stresses without deforming or cracking. 6. Good Machinability: ASTM A335 alloy steel pipes are easy to process and can be shaped using various conventional cutting, welding, and bending techniques, which simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. 7. High Reliability: These pipes offer high reliability, maintaining stable performance in complex environmental conditions, thereby reducing the frequency and costs of repairs and failures. In summary, ASTM A335 alloy steel pipes boast excellent properties such as resistance to high temperatures, oxidation, and corrosion, as well as fatigue and mechanical strength. These characteristics make them highly suitable for manufacturing high-end equipment, promising broad application and market prospects.

The EN 10253-4 standard is a specification document for the production of stainless steel butt weld fittings, setting clear requirements for the dimensions, tolerance ranges, and material properties of these components. Stainless steel butt weld fittings are widely used in industrial fields as pipe connection components, made from stainless steel material, and are known for their corrosion resistance and high-temperature performance. Performance Requirements of EN 10253-4 Stainless Steel Butt Weld Fittings The EN 10253-4 standard also specifies the mechanical properties and testing methods for these fittings, such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation, to ensure that the fittings can withstand sufficient pressure and stress during use. The EN 10253-4 standard includes over twenty European stainless steel materials such as X2CrNi18-9 (1.4307), X2CrNi19-11 (1.4306), X2CrNiN18-10 (1.4311), X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301), X6CrNiTi18-10 (1.4541), X6CrNiNb18-10 (1.4550), X1CrNi25-21 (1.4335), X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (1.4404). Below are the chemical composition and mechanical properties parameters table for each material grade. Chemical Composition Mechanical performance   Types of Stainless Steel Butt Weld Fittings According to EN10253-4 Stainless steel fittings are typically used to connect different parts of a piping system to ensure the smooth transmission of fluids or gases. According to the EN 10253-4 standard, the dimensions of stainless steel fittings must conform to the standard requirements to ensure the interchangeability and assembly accuracy of the fittings. Additionally, the material requirements for the fittings must also meet the standard specifications to ensure the quality and reliability of the fittings. The EN10253-4 standard includes various types of stainless steel butt weld fittings, such as 45-degree elbows, 90-degree elbows, 180-degree elbows, equal tees, reducing tees, concentric reducers, eccentric reducers, and end caps. The EN 10253-4 standard provides crucial guidance for the manufacturing and use of stainless steel fittings, ensuring the quality and reliability of these components, and securing the normal operation and safety of the piping systems. When selecting pipe fittings, it is important to consider the specific requirements of the application, such as pressure, temperature, fluid characteristics, mechanical loads, and cost factors. Additionally, the selection should also be based on the recommendations of engineers or designers to ensure that the chosen fittings meet the requirements of the project.

1. Types of Stainless Steel 304H Butt Weld Fittings Stainless Steel 304H butt weld fittings are a high-carbon version of the stainless steel 304 material fittings, commonly adhering to the ASTM A403 WP304H standard. ASTM A403 is a material standard for austenitic stainless steel butt weld fittings set by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Stainless Steel 304H butt weld fittings exhibit excellent high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance, with a carbon content typically between 0.04% and 0.10%, allowing them to maintain good strength and stability in high-temperature environments. Consequently, ASTM A403 WP304H stainless steel butt weld fittings are commonly used in high-temperature, high-pressure, and corrosive environments, such as in the petroleum, chemical, power, and food processing industries. According to appearance, the types of Stainless Steel 304H butt weld fittings include long-radius/short-radius 90/45-degree elbows, 180-degree bends, equal/unequal tees, equal/unequal crosses, concentric/eccentric reducers, caps, and stub ends, among others, to meet the needs of different piping designs. 2. Detailed Introduction Stainless steel 304H is a type of austenitic stainless steel where "H" stands for high carbon. Higher carbon content increases the strength and hardness of the steel but reduces its plasticity and toughness. Conversely, with lower carbon content, the steel exhibits better plasticity and toughness, but lesser strength and hardness. 304H stainless steel is a high-carbon version of 304 stainless steel, with carbon content typically between 0.04% and 0.10%. By incorporating a higher proportion of carbon, the material's strength and hardness are enhanced. Carbon also combines with other elements to form compounds such as silicon carbide, which increases the hardness and wear resistance of the steel, and chromium carbide, which further enhances the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. This results in stainless steel 304H butt weld fittings having superior high-temperature creep resistance, and they can be used at higher temperature ranges, typically up to about 1150°C. Stainless steel 304H butt weld fittings are extensively used in various industrial sectors, including heaters, furnaces, and high-temperature heat exchange equipment in the petroleum and chemical industries. chemical composition   physical property Corrosion Resistance and Weldability: Due to the increased carbon content, 304H stainless steel material enhances its resistance to high-temperature corrosion and heat resistance. This enables 304H stainless steel butt weld fittings to maintain good strength and stability in high-temperature environments. Additionally, 304H stainless steel also exhibits good weldability, making it suitable for applications that require welding. While 304 stainless steel offers good corrosion resistance at room temperature, it may perform less effectively than 304H in high-temperature environments. High-Temperature Performance: The high-temperature performance of 304H stainless steel butt weld fittings is notable, allowing them to withstand higher temperatures and pressures. Therefore, they are widely used in large-scale boiler superheaters, steam pipelines, and heat exchangers in the petrochemical industry. In contrast, stainless steel 304 butt weld fittings are primarily used in general industrial, food, and medical industries. In summary, there are significant differences between 304H and 304 stainless steel butt weld fittings in terms of composition, corrosion resistance, weldability, high-temperature strength, and applications. The specific choice of which type of stainless steel butt weld fitting to use depends on the application environment and the requirements of the pipeline system.

Incoloy 825 is a titanium-stabilized nickel-iron-molybdenum-copper corrosion-resistant alloy that effectively resists both uniform and localized corrosion, making it widely used in the chemical, energy, and hydrometallurgy sectors. The alloy also exhibits good toughness and performs well in the atmosphere, though it is susceptible to very slight pitting in humid conditions. It is resistant to freshwater corrosion and performs well in flowing seawater, but can develop pitting under stagnant or contaminated conditions. The high nickel content of Incoloy 825 provides effective resistance to stress corrosion cracking. It exhibits good corrosion resistance in various media, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and organic acids, as well as alkaline metals like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid solutions. Incoloy 825 demonstrates high overall performance in diverse corrosion environments found in nuclear fuel dissolution systems, where it handles sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and sodium hydroxide in the same equipment. Corresponding Grade high-temperature new name High temperature old name New name for corrosion resistance Old name for corrosion resistance China     NS1402 NS142 0Cr21Ni42Mo3Cu2Ti Japan JIS American ASTM American UNS、SAE German DIN Europe EN ncf825 Incoloy825 No8065,No8825 2.4858 MiCr21MC chemical composition % C Si Mn F S Cr Ni Mo N Cu Fe Min — — 一 — — 19.5 38 2.5 0.6 1.5 Balance ax 0.05 0.5 1 0.04 0.03 23.5 46 3 1.2 3 一 physical property   Density g/cm Thermal conductivity /w/(m.k) resistivity Specific heat capacity linear expansion coefficient 0~1000℃ C)/(Ω,mm2/m C)/kg/(kg.k)℃ /(10-6/k)   20℃ 200~600℃ 20~1000℃ 8.09 14~28 1.07 580~800 12.7~17.5 Temperature 0/℃ room temperature       Hardness HBS 200       Application Areas:   - Heating pipes, containers, baskets, and chains used in sulfuric acid pickling plants. - Seawater cooling heat exchangers, marine product pipeline systems, and pipelines in acidic gas environments. - Heat exchangers, evaporators, washing, and dipping pipes used in phosphoric acid production. - Air heat exchangers in petroleum refining. - Food engineering. - Chemical processes. - Flame-resistant alloys for oxygen-enriched environments.

Incoloy 926 is a super austenitic stainless steel containing 6% molybdenum, and its performance is enhanced by the addition of nitrogen. The presence of nickel and chromium provides excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments. This alloy exhibits strong resistance to non-oxidizing acids such as sulfuric and phosphoric acid. The high molybdenum content and nitrogen enhance its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, while the copper content improves its resistance to sulfuric acid. It offers outstanding corrosion resistance in many highly corrosive aqueous environments. One of the standout features of Incoloy 926 alloy is its excellent resistance to environments containing chlorides and halides. This alloy is particularly suitable for handling environments with high chloride content, such as brine, seawater, corrosive chlorides, and the bleaching systems in pulp mills. Its applications include chemical and food engineering, pulp and paper bleaching equipment, marine and offshore oil platform equipment, evaporators in salt plants, atmospheric pollution control systems, and the condenser pipelines, circulating water systems, and supply water heaters in power plants. Corresponding Grade high-temperature new name New name for corrosion resistance China 00Cr17Ni13Mo3   x1nicrmocun25-20-7 American ASTM American INS、SAE German DIN Europe EN ncoloy926 N08926 1.4529   chemical composition   Alloy % Ni Cr Fe C Mn Si Cu Mo N P S   926 Min 24 19   Balance       0.5 6.0 0.15     Max 26 21 0.02 2 0.5 1.5 7.0 0.25 0.03 0.01 physical property   Density 8.1 g/cm3 melting point 1320-1390 ℃ Corrosion Resistance: Incoloy 926 is an austenitic stainless steel alloy, similar to Alloy 904L, with a nitrogen content of 0.2% and a molybdenum content of 6.5%. The presence of molybdenum and nitrogen significantly enhances its resistance to crevice corrosion. Additionally, the nickel and nitrogen not only improve the stability of the alloy but also reduce the tendency for grain boundary precipitation during thermal processes or welding, which is superior to nickel alloys with similar nitrogen content. Incoloy 926 exhibits considerable corrosion resistance in the presence of chloride ions due to its superior local corrosion performance and its 25% nickel content. Various experiments conducted in limestone-gypsum desulfurization slurries with chlorine concentrations ranging from 10,000 to 70,000 ppm, pH levels between 5 and 6, and operating temperatures between 50°C and 68°C demonstrate that, over a trial period of 1 to 2 years, Alloy 926 shows no signs of crevice or pitting corrosion. Additionally, Alloy 926 exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in other chemical media, even at high temperatures and concentrations, including sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acidic gases, seawater, salts, and organic acids. Moreover, to maintain its excellent corrosion resistance, regular cleaning is essential.

Incoloy 800 is an Fe-Ni-Cr based solid solution strengthened, deformable high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloy used under 1000°C. It exhibits excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance and good fabricability. The alloy has good structural stability, and it is easy to form both in cold and hot working conditions, making it suitable for components that require long service life at high temperatures under severe corrosive conditions. The chromium content in Incoloy 800 typically ranges from 15-25%, while the nickel content is between 30-45%, with small amounts of aluminum and titanium included. After rapid cooling from high temperatures, the alloy remains in a single austenitic phase, meaning its operational state is of a singular austenitic structure. The alloy’s high chromium content and sufficient nickel provide it with excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance, making it widely applied in industry. It exhibits excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in environments containing chlorides, dilute NaOH solutions, and in high-temperature, high-pressure water, thus it is used in manufacturing equipment resistant to stress corrosion cracking. Corresponding Grade   American UNS、ASTM No8800、N08800 Incoloy800 German DIN and EN 1.4876 M10NiCrAlTi32-20 China standard high-temperature grade GH1180   China standard corrosion-resistant grade NS111 0Cr20Ni32Fe chemical composition   % C Si Mn Cr Ni Al Ti Cu F S Fe Min — —   19 30 0.15 0.15 — 一   0.15 Max 0.1 1 1.5 23 35 0.6 0.6 0.75 0.03 0.015 Balance Application area Chemical industry nuclear generator nitric acid cooler, acetic anhydride cracking tube heat exchange equipment, heat exchange tube

Haynes 230 is a Ni-Cr-based solid solution strengthened, deformable high-temperature alloy used at temperatures below 900°C. The alloy contains a significant amount of tungsten and small amounts of aluminum and titanium. It exhibits high ductility and moderate high-temperature strength, along with excellent oxidation resistance and good stamping and welding processability. It is widely used in the aviation and energy industries. For example, it is used in combustion chambers, transition ducts, flame stabilizers, thermocouple protection sheaths, and other gas turbine components. In the chemical industry, Haynes 230 alloy is used to manufacture catalyst grid frames for nitrogen burners, high-strength thermocouple protection tubes, high-temperature heat exchangers, pipelines, and high-temperature corrugated tubes. It combines the strength, stability, oxidation resistance, thermal cycling resistance, machinability, resistance to grain coarsening at sustained high temperatures, and relatively low thermal expansion characteristics of many high-temperature alloys. Grades China Grade American JNS American ASTM GH3230/GH230 JNS N06230   Germany DIN Universal grade France 2.4733 Haynes 230   chemical composition C Si Mn F S Cr Ni Mo Cu 0.05-0.15 0.25 0.3 0.035 0.03 20.0-24.0 Balance 1.0-3.0   Other N Al Ti Fe Co La W B   0.2-0.50 0.5 3 3 0.01-0.08 13.0-15.0 0.015 physical property   Density g/cm³ melting point ℃ Thermal conductivity (W/m·℃ Specific heat capacity J/Kg·℃ Elastic modulus GPa linear expansion coefficient a/10-6℃-1 8.89 1352-1375 11.7(100℃) 400 203 12.25(20~100℃ Application Fields The combined properties of Haynes 230 alloy make it highly suitable for a variety of applications in the aerospace and power generation industries. It is used in components such as combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders, thermocouple sheaths, and other critical gas turbine components. In the chemical processing industry, Haynes 230 alloy is used in ammonia burners, high-strength thermocouple protection tubes, high-temperature heat exchangers, pipelines, high-temperature corrugated tubes, and various other key internal components for catalyst grid carriers. In the industrial heating sector, applications of Haynes 230 alloy include furnaces, chains and fixtures, burner flame hoods, internal components of heat exchangers, dampers, internals of nitriding furnaces, heat treatment baskets, furnace grates, trays, distributor tubes, thermocouple protection tubes, internals of cyclones, and many more.

HASTELLOY B-4 is a high-temperature alloy that features excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance, commonly used in high-temperature corrosive environments in the petroleum, chemical, aerospace, and other industries. HASTELLOY B-4 is a high-temperature alloy with the following advantages: Excellent Corrosion Resistance: HASTELLOY B-4 exhibits superior corrosion resistance, especially against extreme corrosive media such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and acidic oxides. Excellent High-Temperature Performance: HASTELLOY B-4 has great high-temperature strength and thermal stability, suitable for long-term use in high-temperature environments, and can withstand various high-temperature corrosive media. Excellent Mechanical Properties: HASTELLOY B-4 has outstanding mechanical properties, excellent mechanical strength, low thermal expansion coefficient, and good processability and weldability. Broad Application Range: HASTELLOY B-4 can be used in high-temperature and high-pressure equipment in industries such as chemical, aviation, aerospace, and nuclear. Chemical composition includes: Nickel (Ni): Maximum content of 64%. Molybdenum (Mo): Maximum content of 30%. Iron (Fe): Maximum content of 3.0%. Chromium (Cr): Maximum content of 2.0%. Carbon (C): Maximum content of 0.01%. Manganese (Mn): Maximum content of 0.70%. Key features of HASTELLOY B-4 are: Excellent High-Temperature Corrosion Resistance: Outstanding corrosion resistance in high-temperature, high-pressure corrosive environments, able to resist various acids, bases, and salts. Strong Oxidation Resistance: Maintains stable performance for a long time under high temperatures without easy oxidation. Excellent Mechanical Properties: High strength and toughness with good ductility and weldability. Superior Overall Performance: Excellent overall properties, not only high-temperature corrosion and oxidation resistance but also high-temperature strength and excellent low-temperature impact toughness. HASTELLOY B-4 is primarily used in high-temperature corrosive environments, such as in the petroleum, chemical, and aerospace industries. Common applications include: High-temperature petrochemical equipment: such as pipes, vessels, heaters, heat exchangers, etc. Flue gas desulfurization equipment: such as flue gas desulfurization towers, chimneys, flue gas emission systems, etc. Air preheaters: such as air preheater casings and tube bundles. Nuclear industry: such as nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel carriers. Medical equipment: such as artificial joints, prosthetics, etc. In summary, HASTELLOY B-4, as an exceptional high-temperature alloy, has a broad application prospect and is an indispensable material in modern industrial production due to its high-temperature corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and mechanical properties.

Hastelloy B3 (UNS N10675) Alloy: Material Grade: Hastelloy B3 -US Grade: UNS N10675 Hastelloy B3 (UNS N10675) is a nickel-based high-temperature alloy composed of elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and cobalt, with a nickel content of about 65%. This alloy is an improved version of Hastelloy B2, featuring enhanced thermal stability which boosts its corrosion resistance. Additionally, Hastelloy B3 has improved thermal and cold forming characteristics. In recent years, it has been increasingly used in the manufacture of chemical equipment. This summary provides an insight into the composition and upgraded properties of Hastelloy B3, distinguishing it as an advanced material suitable for challenging industrial applications where enhanced high-temperature performance and corrosion resistance are required. Chemical composition C≤ Si≤ Mn≤ P≤ S≤ Cr≥ Ni≥ Mo≥ Cu≤ 0.01 0.10 3.00 0.030 0.010 1.00-3.00 65.0 27.0-32.0 0.20 Nb/Ta≤ Al≤ Ti≤ Fe≤ Co≤ V≤ W≤ Ni+Mo Ta≤ 0.20 0.50 0.20 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.20 3.00 94.0-98.0 0.20 The primary advantage of Hastelloy B-3 alloy over Hastelloy B-2 is its outstanding toughness even when briefly exposed to medium temperatures, a situation that typically occurs during the production heat treatment processes. While Hastelloy B-2 is prone to embrittlement when briefly exposed to temperatures around 700°C, Hastelloy B-3 exhibits significant resistance to embrittlement and can withstand such exposure for nearly several hours. This resistance provides a substantial benefit in the manufacturing of complex components, such as forming devices, where thermal stability during processing is critical. This enhanced toughness and thermal stability make Hastelloy B-3 a preferred choice for applications requiring robust performance in varying thermal environments.   The unique properties of Hastelloy B3 alloy make it an indispensable material in the chemical industry, especially when handling highly corrosive chemicals. It is commonly used in the manufacture of reactors, heat exchangers, pipes, and other equipment and components requiring corrosion resistance. Additionally, B3 alloy is also suitable for use in the pharmaceutical industry, environmental engineering, as well as the extraction and processing of oil and natural gas. This wide range of applications highlights its robustness and versatility in confronting challenging environmental conditions and aggressive substances.

Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Material Grade: Hastelloy B-2 German Grade: W.Nr. 2.461 DIN Grade: NiMo28 French Grade: NiMo28 American Grade: UNS N10665 ISO Grade: NiMo28 Hastelloy B-2 is a corrosion-resistant, solid-solution nickel-molybdenum alloy. Hastelloy B-2 has the following characteristics: - Controls the iron and chromium content at low levels to prevent the formation of the β-phase Ni4Mo. - Excellent corrosion resistance in reducing environments. - Good resistance to moderate concentrations of sulfuric acid and many non-oxidizing acids. - Very good resistance to chloride ion-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC). - Excellent resistance to corrosion by various organic acids. Hastelloy B-2chemical composition   Ni Cr Fe C Mn Si Cu Mo Co P S Min balance 0.4 1.6         26.0       Max 0.7 2.0 0.01 1.0 0.08 0.5 30.0 1.0 0.02 0.01 Hastelloy B-2 Physical Properties: Density: ρ= 9.2g/cm3 Melting temperature range: 1330~1380 ℃ Applications of Hastelloy B-2: - Widely used in the fields of chemicals, petrochemicals, energy production, and pollution control, especially in industries dealing with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and others. For specialized applications, please consult with material suppliers.   Equivalent Grades of Hastelloy B-2: - NS322 (China) - NiMo28 (France) - NiMo28 (Germany) - Hastelloy B-2 - UNS N10665 (USA) - NiMo28 (ISO)

Hastelloy C22 alloy is a nickel-based high-temperature alloy composed of elements like nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, and tungsten, with a nickel content of about 60%. It is a versatile nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy that exhibits better overall corrosion resistance than other existing nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, including Hastelloy C-276, C4 alloy, and alloy 625. Hastelloy C22 offers excellent resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. It has superior resistance to oxidizing aqueous media, including wet chlorine, nitric acid, or mixed acids with chloride ions. Moreover, Hastelloy C22 (N06022) alloy has an ideal ability to resist both reducing and oxidizing environments encountered during processes. Relying on this versatile performance, it can be used in challenging environments or in facilities with various production purposes. Hastelloy C22 (N06022) alloy exhibits exceptional resistance to a variety of chemical environments, including strong oxidizers such as ferric chloride, cupric chloride, chlorine, hot contaminated solutions (both organic and inorganic), formic acid, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, seawater, and brine solutions. Additionally, Hastelloy C22 (N06022) alloy has the capability to resist intergranular precipitation in the weld heat-affected zone, making it suitable for use in welded condition in many chemical processes. Corresponding grades American common criteria Germany EU Hastelloy C22/N06022 Alloy 22 2.4602 NiCr21Mo14W chemical composition C≤ S≤ Mn≤ P≤ S≤ Cr2 Ni≥ Mo≥ Cu≤ 0.015 0.08 0.50 0.025 0.010 20.0-22.5 Balance 12.5-14.5   Other N≤ A≤ T≤ Fe≤ Co≤ V≤ W≤ Nb≤       2.0-6.0 2.50 0.35 2.50-350   Physical property : Density: 8.9 g/cm3, melting point: 1325-1370 ℃ Application Areas: Hastelloy C22 alloy is widely used in the chemical and petrochemical sectors, such as in components and catalytic systems that come into contact with chlorinated organic substances. This material is particularly suitable for use in environments with high temperatures, impurities in inorganic acids and organic acids (such as formic acid and acetic acid), and seawater corrosion.   Other application areas include acetic acid/acetic anhydride, acid leaching, glassine paper manufacturing, chlorination systems, complex mixed acids, rollers in galvanizing baths, expansion bellows, flue gas cleaning systems, geothermal wells, hydrogen fluoride furnace cleaners, incineration cleaners, nuclear fuel reprocessing, pesticide production, phosphoric acid production, pickling systems, plate heat exchangers, selective filtering systems, sulfur dioxide cooling towers, sulfonation systems, tubular heat exchangers, and clad valves.

Hastelloy C-276 alloy demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing conditions. It offers outstanding resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. The alloy is suitable for various chemical process industries involving both oxidizing and reducing media. The high molybdenum and chromium content allows the alloy to withstand chloride ion corrosion, while tungsten further enhances its corrosion resistance. Hastelloy C-276 is one of the few materials capable of withstanding corrosion by wet chlorine gas, hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide solutions. It also exhibits significant corrosion resistance to high concentrations of chloride salt solutions, such as ferric chloride and copper chloride. chemical composition   % C Si Mn F S Ni Cr Mo W Fe V Min 0.02 0.08 1.0 0.04 0.03 Balance 14.5 15 3 4 0.35 Max 一 一         16.5 17 4.5 7   physical property     Density g/cm³     magnetic Thermal conductivity /w/(m.k resistivity Specific heat capacity linear expansion coefficient 100~1092℃ C1/(0.m2/m ℃)/J/(kg.k)℃ /(10-6/k)       20~649℃ 8.885 None 9.4-28 1.3 427 14.1 Application area Petrochemical equipment, heat exchangers, flue gas desulfurization equipment, fluid chemical pumps, fluorine chemical industry, etc